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dictionary [dictionary 词源字典]: dictionary: [16] The term dictionary was coined in medieval Latin, probably in the 13th century, on the basis of the Latin adjective dictionārius ‘of words’, a derivative of Latin dictiō ‘saying’, or, in medieval Latin, ‘word’. English picked it up comparatively late; the first known reference to it is in The pilgrimage of perfection 1526: ‘and so Peter Bercharius [Pierre Bercheur, a 15thcentury French lexicographer] in his dictionary describeth it’.

Latin dictiō (source also of English diction [15]) was a derivatives of the verb dicere ‘say’. Its original meaning was ‘point out’ rather than ‘utter’, as demonstrated by its derivative indicāre (source of English indicate) and words in other languages, such as Greek deiknúnai ‘show’, Sanskrit diç- ‘show’ (later ‘say’), and German zeihen ‘accuse’, which come from the same ultimate source.

Its past participle gave English dictum [16], and the derived verb dictāre ‘assert’ produced English dictate [17] and dictator [14]. It has been the basis of a wide range of other English words, from the more obvious derivatives like addict and predict to more heavily disguised offspring such as condition, index, and judge.
=> addict, condition, dictate, diction, ditto, index, indicate, judge, predict[dictionary etymology, dictionary origin, 英语词源]
espionage: espionage: see spy
actionable (adj.): 1590s; from action + -able.
additional (adj.): 1640s, from addition + -al (1). Related: Additionally.
affectionate (adj.): 1580s, "fond, loving," from affection + -ate (1). Early, now mostly obsolete, senses included "inclined" (1530s), "prejudiced" (1530s), "passionate" (1540s), "earnest" (c. 1600). Other forms also used in the main modern sense of the word included affectious (1580s), affectuous (mid-15c.).
affectionately (adv.): 1580s, from affectionate + -ly (2).
aficionado (n.): 1845, from Spanish aficionado "amateur," specifically "devotee of bullfighting," literally "fond of," from afición "affection," from Latin affectionem (see affection). "Most sources derive this word from the Spanish verb aficionar but the verb does not appear in Spanish before 1555, and the word aficionado is recorded in the 1400's" [Barnhart]. In English, originally of devotees of bullfighting; in general use by 1882.
arational (adj.): "not purporting to be governed by laws of reason," 1935; see a- (2) + rational.
aspirational (adj.): by 1985, from aspiration (n.1) + -al (1).
bidirectional (adj.): also bi-directional, 1941, from bi- + direction + -al (1). Originally of microphones. Related: Bidirectionally.
billionaire (n.): 1844, American English, from billion on model of millionaire. The first in the U.S. likely was John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937), some time after World War I.
cautionary (adj.): "conveying a warning," 1590s, from caution (n.) + -ary.
coeducational (adj.): also co-educational, 1881, from co-education (1852), from co- + education.
companionable (adj.): 1620s, from companion + -able. Related: Companionably; companionability.
compassionate (adj.): 1580s, from compassion + -ate (1). Related: Compassionately. Phrase compassionate conservatism in American political language recorded by 1992, popularized, if not coined, by Marvin Olasky, University of Texas at Austin instructor.
compositional (adj.): 1815, from composition + -al (1).
computational (adj.): 1857, from computation + -al (1). Related: Computationally.
concessionaire (n.): 1862, from French concessionaire "person to whom a concession has been granted," from concession, from Latin concessionem (see concession).
conditional (adj.): late 14c., condicionel, from Old French condicionel (Modern French conditionnel), from Latin conditionalis, from condicionem (see condition (n.)). Related: Conditionally.
confectionary (n.): c. 1600, "confection maker," also "confection maker's shop," from confection + -ary. As an adjective, from 1660s.
confessional (n.): "place where a priest sits to hear confession," 1727, from French confessional, from Medieval Latin confessionale, noun use of neuter of confessionalis (adj.), from confiteri (see confess).
confessional (adj.): "pertaining to confession," mid-15c., from Medieval Latin confessionalis (see confessional (n.)).
confrontational (adj.): 1969, from confrontation + -al (1). Related: Confrontationally.
congregational (adj.): 1630s, in reference to Congregationalism, a Protestant movement in which church congregations were to be self-governing (the term most used in New England, in Britain they were called Independent); from congregation + -al (1). Related: Congregationalist.
congressional (adj.): 1690s, from Latin congressionem (from congressus, see congress) + -al (1). Originally sometimes reviled as barbarous, Pickering (1816) quotes an unnamed English correspondent: "The term Congress belonging to America, the Americans may employ its derivatives, without waiting for the assent of the English."
conscionable (adj.): 1540s, from conscioned "having a conscience" (from conscience) + -able; obsolete from early 18c. but fossilized in its negative, unconscionable.
constitutional (adj.): 1680s, "pertaining to a person's (physical or mental) constitution," from constitution + -al (1). Meaning "beneficial to bodily constitution" is from 1750. Meaning "authorized or allowed by the political constitution" is from 1765. Constitutional monarchy is recorded from 1801, from French. Related: Constitutionally.
constitutional (n.): "a constitutional walk," 1829, probably originally among university students, from constitutional (adj.) in the "beneficial to bodily health" sense.
constitutionalism (n.): 1832, "constitutional system of government;" occasionally also "constitutionality;" from constitutional (adj.) + -ism.
constitutionality (n.): 1787, "quality of being in accord with a constitution," from constitutional (adj.) + -ity.
conventional (adj.): late 15c., "of the nature of an agreement," from Late Latin conventionalis "pertaining to convention or agreement," from Latin conventionem (see convention). Meaning "of the nature of a convention" is from 1812, now rare; "established by social convention" is from 1761; that of "following tradition" is from 1831; that of "non-nuclear" is from 1955. Realted: Conventionality; conventionally.
conversational (adj.): 1779, from conversation + -al (1).
deinstitutionalization (n.): 1967 (disinstitutionalization is attested from 1955), from de- + institutionalization.
delusional (adj.): 1871, from delusion + -al (1).
denationalize (v.): 1807, "to deprive of nationality," from French dénationaliser (said in contemporary English publications to have been coined by Napoleon Buonaparte; denapoleonize was coined shortly thereafter); see de- + nationalize. Meaning "to transfer from national to private ownership" recorded from 1921. Related: Denationalized; denationalization.
denominational (adj.): 1838; see denomination + -al (1).
devotional (adj.): 1640s; see devotion + -al (1). The noun meaning "devotional composition" is recorded from 1650s.
dictionary (n.): 1520s, from Medieval Latin dictionarium "collection of words and phrases," from Latin dictionarius "of words," from dictio "word" (see diction). Probably first English use in title of a book was in Sir Thomas Elyot's "Latin Dictionary" (1538) though Latin Dictionarius was so used from early 13c. Grose's 1788 "Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue" has "RICHARD SNARY. A dictionary."
DICTIONARY, n. A malevolent literary device for cramping the growth of a language and making it hard and inelastic. This dictionary, however, is a most useful work. [Bierce]
discretionary (adj.): 1680s (implied in discretionarily); see discretion + -ary.
disfunctional (adj.): 1951, variant of dysfunctional.
dispassionate (adj.): 1590s, from dis- "the opposite of" (see dis-) + passionate. Related: Dispassionately.
disproportionate (adj.): 1550s, from dis- "not" + proportionate. Improportionate in same sense is from late 14c. Related: Disproportionately.
dysfunctional (adj.): 1917, from dysfunction + -al (1). Related: Dysfunctionally.
educational (adj.): 1650s, "due to education;" 1831, "pertaining to education;" from education + -al (1). Related: Educationally.
emotional (adj.): 1821, "pertaining to emotion," from emotion + -al (1). Meaning "characterized by or subject to emotions" is attested by 1857. Related: Emotionally. Emotional intelligence coined by mid-1960s, popular from mid-1980s.
espionage (n.): 1793, from French espionnage "spying," from Middle French espionner "to spy," from espion "a spy" (16c.), probably via Old Italian spione from a Germanic source akin to Old High German spehon "spy" (see spy (v.)). For initial e- see e-. Middle English had espiouress "female spy" (early 15c.).
evolutionary (adj.): 1810, from evolution + -ary.
exceptionable (adj.): 1660s (implied in exceptionableness), from exception (in the take exception to sense) + -able. Related: Exceptionably. Compare objectionable.
exceptional (adj.): 1828, from exception + -al (1). Related: Exceptionally. Exceptionalism attested from 1864; phrase American exceptionalism by 1960. Other noun forms include exceptionalness (1868), exceptionality (1851).
exclusionary (adj.): "tending to exclude," 1817, from exclusion + -ary.