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borrow [borrow 词源字典]: borrow: [OE] Modern English borrow is a descendant of Old English borgian, which came from the Germanic base *borg-. This was a variant of *berg- (source of English barrow ‘mound’) and *burg- (source of English borough and bury). The underlying sense of the Germanic base was ‘protection, shelter’, and the development of meaning in the case of borrow seems to have been like this: originally, to borrow something from somebody was to receive it temporarily from them in return for some sort of security, which would be forfeited if the thing borrowed were not kept safe and eventually returned.

Gradually, the notion of giving some sort of concrete security, such as money, weakened into a spoken pledge, which by modern times had become simply the unspoken assumption that anything that has been borrowed must by definition be returned.
=> barrow, borough, bury[borrow etymology, borrow origin, 英语词源]
corral: corral: [16] English acquired corral from Spanish corral, but its previous history is disputed. Some etymologists consider that it is of southern African origin, from the language of the Hottentot people, but others derive it from Vulgar Latin *currale ‘enclosure for vehicles’, which would have been based on Latin currus ‘two-wheeled wagon’ (source of English car and carry). Kraal [18] originated as an Afrikaans adaptation of Portuguese curral, corresponding to Spanish corral.
=> kraal
correct: correct: [14] Correct is etymologically related to rectitude and rightness. It comes from the past participle of Latin corrigere ‘make straight, put right’, a compound verb formed from the intensive prefix com- and regere ‘lead straight, rule’. This regere (source of English regent, régime, regiment, and region) goes back to an Indo-European base *reg- ‘move in a straight line’, which also produced English right, rectitude, regal, royal, and rule. In English the verb correct by a long time predates the adjective, which first appeared (via French) in the 17th century.
=> escort, regal, region, right, royal, rule
corridor: corridor: see current
corroborate: corroborate: see robust
corrode: corrode: see rostrum
corrupt: corrupt: [14] The Latin verb rumpere meant ‘break’ (it is etymologically related to English bereave and rob). It (or rather its past participial stem rup-) was the source of English rupture [15], and it entered into partnership with the intensive prefix com- to produce corrumpere ‘destroy completely’. This was the ancestor (either directly or via Old French) of English corrupt, both adjective and verb.
=> bereave, curse, rob, rupture
gonorrhoea: gonorrhoea: see general
haemorrhage: haemorrhage: [17] Haemorrhage means literally a ‘bursting forth of blood’. It comes ultimately from Greek haimorrhagíā, a compound formed from Greek haima ‘blood’ and an element derived from the same source as the verb rhēgnúnai ‘break, burst’. Haima, a word of unknown origin, has been a generous contributor to English vocabulary. Besides haemorrhage, it has given haematite [17], literally ‘blood-like stone’, a type of iron ore, haemoglobin [19], a shortening of an earlier haemoglobulin, haemorrhoid [14] (in the 16th and 17th centuries spelled emerod), literally ‘flowing with blood’, and many more.
horrible: horrible: [14] The Latin verb horrēre was used for hair standing on end or bristling. A common cause of this phenomenon is of course fear, and so in due course horrēre came to mean ‘tremble, shake, be filled with fear and revulsion’. The latter sense has been carried through into English in the derivatives horrible, horrid [16], and horror [14]. (Horrid, incidentally, from Latin horridus, was originally used in English in the etymological sense ‘shaggy, hairy, bristling’ – ‘a rugged attire, hirsute head, horrid beard’, Robert Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy 1621 – but this did not survive beyond the early 19th century.) The Old French descendant of horridus was ord ‘filthy’, from a derivative of which English gets ordure [14].
=> horrid, horror, ordure
lorry: lorry: [19] The first record we have of the word lorry is from the northwest of England in the early 1830s, when it denoted a ‘low wagon’ (it was often used for railway wagons). The modern application to a motor vehicle emerged at the beginning of the 20th century. It is not clear where it came from, although it has been speculated that it was based on the personal name Laurie (perhaps someone called Laurie invented the vehicle). Another possibility is some connection with the Northern dialect verb lurry ‘pull’.
morris: morris: [15] Etymologically, the morris dance is a ‘Moorish dance’. The name, probably borrowed into English from Flemish mooriske dans, implies a perceived connection with a dance performed by the Moors, presumably in Spain, but the dance to which it is applied has far more ancient cultural roots than this would suggest. (The morris of nine men’s morris, incidentally, a sort of old board game, is a different word, perhaps going back ultimately to Old French merel ‘token, counter’.)
=> moor, morello
porridge: porridge: [16] Porridge is a 16th-century alteration of pottage [13]. This originally denoted a stew of vegetables and sometimes meat, boiled to submission, but it gradually came to be applied to a gruel, of varying consistency, made of cereals, pulses, etc, and it was the sort made from oatmeal that eventually took over the word porridge. Its transformation from pottage took place via an intermediate poddage (the t pronounced /d/ as in American English), and the change to r is mirrored in such forms as geraway and geroff for getaway and get off.

The same thing happened in the case of porringer ‘dish’ [16], which came from an earlier pottinger. Pottage itself was acquired from Old French potage, which etymologically meant simply ‘something from a pot’ (it was a derivative of pot ‘pot’). English reborrowed it in the 16th century as potage ‘soup’.
=> pot, potage, pottage
pyorrhoea: pyorrhoea: see pus
sorrel: sorrel: see sour
sorry: sorry: [OE] Sorry goes back to a prehistoric West Germanic *sairig-, a derivative of *sairaz (source of English sore). The original base denoted physical as well as mental pain, but it is the latter semantic path that has been taken by sorry. Despite the similarity, incidentally, sorry has no etymological connection with sorrow [OE], which comes from a prehistoric Germanic base meaning ‘care’, and is related to modern German sorge ‘worry, sorrow’.
=> sore
sporran: sporran: [19] English acquired sporran from Gaelic, of course, but it is not ultimately of Celtic origin. It goes back to Latin bursa ‘purse’ (source of English bursar, purse, etc), which was early on borrowed into the Celtic languages, giving Irish sparán and Welsg ysbur as well as Gaelic sporan. As with so many other Scotticisms, it was Walter Scott who introduced the word to English.
=> bursar, purse, reimburse
tomorrow: tomorrow: [OE] Tomorrow was formed (following the model of today) from the preposition to (here in the sense ‘at, on’) and morgenne, the dative form of Old English morgen ‘morning’, which has evolved into modern English morn and morrow.
=> morning
torrent: torrent: [17] Despite its firm connections with ‘water’, torrent comes from a source that meant ‘scorch, parch’. This was Latin torrēre, which also produced English toast and torrid [16] and is related to thirst. Its present participle torrēns was used metaphorically as an adjective of streams that ‘boil’ or ‘bubble’ because of their strong current, and it was in this sense that it passed as a noun via Italian torrente and French torrent into English.
=> thirst, toast, torrid
worry: worry: [OE] Worry originally meant ‘strangle’. It comes from a prehistoric West Germanic *wurgjan, which also produced German wügen ‘choke, strangle’. The sense ‘harass physically’ (as in ‘dogs worrying sheep’) emerged in the 16th century, via an intermediate ‘seize by the throat’, and the modern sense ‘vex, disturb’ came on the scene in the 17th century, but the verb was not used intransitively until the mid- 19th century.
abhorrence (n.): 1650s; see abhorrent + -ence.
abhorrent (adj.): 1610s, "in a position or condition to recoil," usually with from; from Latin abhorentem (nominative abhorrens), present participle of abhorrere; see abhor. Meaning "repugnant" is from 1650s. Earlier was abhorrable (late 15c.).
amenorrhea (n.): 1804, Modern Latin, from Greek privative prefix a- "not" (see a- (3)) + men "month" (see moon (n.)) + rhein "to flow" (see rheum). Related: amenorrheal.
Andorra: probably from indigenous (Navarrese) andurrial "shrub-covered land."
begorra: 1839, antiquated Anglo-Irish form of expletive By God.
BitTorrent: peer-to-peer file sharing protocol, implemented in 2001, from bit (n.2) in the computing sense + torrent.
borrow (v.): Old English borgian "to lend, be surety for," from Proto-Germanic *borg "pledge" (cognates: Old English borg "pledge, security, bail, debt," Old Norse borga "to become bail for, guarantee," Middle Dutch borghen "to protect, guarantee," Old High German boragen "to beware of," German borgen "to borrow; to lend"), from PIE root *bhergh- (1) "to hide, protect" (see bury). Sense shifted in Old English to "borrow," apparently on the notion of collateral deposited as security for something borrowed. Related: Borrowed; borrowing.
Chamorro: indigenous people of Guam and the Marianas Islands, from Spanish Chamorro, literally "shorn, shaven, bald." Supposedly because the men shaved their heads, but the name also has been connected to native Chamoru, said to mean "noble," so perhaps Chamorro is a Spanish folk etymology.
corral (n.): 1580s, from Spanish corral, from corro "ring," Portuguese curral, of uncertain origin. Perhaps ultimately African, or from Vulgar Latin *currale "enclosure for vehicles," from Latin currus "two-wheeled vehicle," from currere "to run."
corral (v.): 1847, from corral (n.); meaning "to lay hold of, collar," is U.S. slang from 1860. Related: Corraled.
correct (v.): mid-14c., "to set right, rectify" (a fault or error), from Latin correctus, past participle of corrigere "to put straight, reduce to order, set right;" in transferred use, "to reform, amend," especially of speech or writing, from com-, intensive prefix (see com-), + regere "to lead straight, rule" (see regal). Originally of persons; with reference to writing, etc., attested from late 14c. Related: Corrected; correcting.
correct (adj.): 1670s, from French correct "right, proper," from Latin correctus (see correct (v.)). Related: Correctly; correctness.
correction (n.): mid-14c., "action of correcting," from Old French correccion (13c.) "correction, amendment; punishment, rebuke," from Latin correctionem (nominative correctio), noun of action from past participle stem of corrigere (see correct (v.)). Meaning "chastisement" is from late 14c. Meaning "an instance of correction" is from 1520s. House of correction was in a royal statute from 1575.
corrective: 16c., adjective and noun, from French correctif, from Latin correct-, past participle stem of corrigere (see correct (v.).
correlate (n.): 1640s, perhaps a back-formation from correlation.
correlate (v.): 1742, back-formation from correlation, or else a verbal use of the noun. Related: Correlated; correlating; correlative.
correlation (n.): 1560s, from Middle French corrélation, from cor- "together" (see com-) + relation (see relation).
correspond (v.): 1520s, "to be in agreement, to be in harmony with," from Middle French correspondre (14c.) or directly from Medieval Latin correspondere, from cor- (see com-) "together, with each other" + respondere "to answer" (see respond).

Originally in Medieval Latin of two things in mutual action, but by later Medieval Latin it could be used of one thing only. In English, sense of "to be similar" (to) is from 1640s; that of "to hold communication with" is from c. 1600; specifically "to communicate by means of letters" from 1640s (in mid-18c. it also could mean "have sex"). Related: Corresponded; corresponding.
correspondence (n.): early 15c., "harmony, agreement," from Medieval Latin correspondentia, from correspondentem (nominative correspondens), present participle of correspondere (see correspond). Sense of "communication by letters" is first attested 1640s.
correspondent (adj.): early 15c., "having an analogous relationship" (to), a sense taken up since 19c. by corresponding; from Medieval Latin correspondentem, present participle of correspondere (see correspond).
correspondent (n.): "one who communicates with another by letters," 1620s, from correspondent (adj.). The newspaper sense is from 1711.
THE life of a newspaper correspondent, as may naturally be supposed, is one of alternate cloud and sunshine--one day basking in an Andalusian balcony, playing a rubber at the club on the off-nights of the Opera, being very musical when the handsome Prima Donna sings, and very light fantastic toeish when the lively Prima Ballerina dances; another day roughing it over the Balkan, amid sleet and snow, or starving at the tail of an ill-conditioned army, and receiving bullets instead of billets-doux. ["New Monthly Magazine," vol. 95, 1852, p.284]
corresponding (adj.): 1570s, past participle adjective from correspond. Not common until 19c., when it took on the adjectival function of correspondent. Related: Correspondingly (1836).
corridor (n.): 1590s, from French corridor (16c.), from Italian corridore "a gallery," literally "a runner," from correre "to run," from Latin currere (see current (adj.)). Originally of fortifications, meaning "long hallway" is first recorded 1814.
corrigendum (n.): 1850, from Latin corrigendum (plural corrigenda) "that which is to be corrected," neuter gerundive of corrigere "to correct" (see correct (v.)).
corrigible (adj.): mid-15c., from Middle French corrigible, from Medieval Latin corrigibilis "that which can be corrected," from Latin corrigere (see correct). Related: Corrigibility.
corroborate (v.): 1530s, "to give (legal) confirmation to," from Latin corroboratus, past participle of corroborare "to strengthen, invigorate," from com- "together" or "thoroughly" (see com-) + roborare "to make strong," from robur, robus "strength," (see robust).

Meaning "to strengthen by evidence, to confirm" is from 1706. Sometimes in early use the word also has its literal Latin sense, especially of medicines. Related: Corroborated; corroborating; corroborative.
corroboration (n.): mid-15c., "strengthening, support," from Late Latin corroborationem (nominative corroboratio), noun of action from past participle stem of Latin corroborare "to strengthen" (see corroborate). Meaning "confirmation" attested by 1768.
corrode (v.): c. 1400, from Old French corroder (14c.) or directly from Latin corrodere "to gnaw to bits, wear away," from com-, intensive prefix (see com-), + rodere "to gnaw" (see rodent). Related: Corroded; corroding.
corrosion (n.): c. 1400, from Middle French corrosion or directly from Latin corrosionem (nominative corrosio), noun of action from past participle stem of corrodere (see corrode).
corrosive (adj.): late 14c., from Old French corrosif (13c.), from corroder (see corrode).