英语词源字典 - 在线词源网站

aggression [aggression 词源字典]: aggression: [17] The violent associations of aggression have developed from the much milder notion of ‘approaching’ somebody. The Latin verb aggredī ‘attack’ was based on the prefix ad- ‘towards’ and gradī ‘walk’, a verb derived in its turn from the noun gradus ‘step’ (from which English gets, among many others, grade, gradual, and degree).
=> degree, grade, gradual[aggression etymology, aggression origin, 英语词源]
congress: congress: [16] A congress is literally a ‘coming together’ – hence, a ‘meeting’. The word comes from Latin congressus, which was based on the past participial stem of congredī ‘come together’. This was a compound verb formed from the prefix com- ‘together’ and gradī ‘go, walk’ (a derivative of gradus ‘step’, from which English gets grade, gradual, and graduate). The application of the word to the US legislature dates from the 1770s.
=> grade, gradual, graduate, progress, transgress
digress: digress: see gradual
progress: progress: [15] Progress is one of a large family of English words (including also grade, gradual, transgress, etc) that go back to Latin gradus ‘step’. From it was derived the verb gradī ‘go, step’, which in combination with the prefix prō- ‘forward’ produced prōgredī ‘go forward’. English gets progress from its past participle prōgressus.
=> grade, gradual, ingredient, regress, transgress
transgress: transgress: see gradual
aggress (v.): "attack," 1714, back-formation from aggression, but used earlier with a sense of "approach" (1570s) and in this sense from French aggresser, from Late Latin aggressare, frequentative of Latin aggredi "to approach, attack." Related: Aggressed; aggressing.
aggression (n.): 1610s, "unprovoked attack," from French aggression (16c.), from Latin aggressionem (nominative aggressio) "a going to, an attack," noun of action from past participle stem of aggredi "to approach; attack," from ad- "to" (see ad-) + gradi (past participle gressus) "to step," from gradus "a step" (see grade (n.)). Psychological sense of "hostile or destructive behavior" first recorded 1912 in A.A. Brill's translation of Freud.
aggressive (adj.): 1791, from Latin aggress-, past participle stem of aggredi "to approach, attack" (see aggression) + -ive. In psychological use from 1913, first in translations of Freud. Related: Aggressively; aggressiveness.
aggressor (n.): 1670s, from Latin aggressor, agent noun from aggredi "to approach, attack" (see aggression).
congress (n.): c. 1400, "body of attendants; also "meeting of armed forces" (mid-15c.); main modern sense of "coming together of people, a meeting" is from 1520s; from Latin congressus "a friendly meeting; a hostile encounter," past participle of congredi "meet with, fight with," from com- "together" (see com-) + gradi "to walk," from gradus "a step" (see grade (n.)).

Sense of "meeting of delegates" is first recorded 1670s. Meaning "sexual union" is from 1580s. Used in reference to the national legislative body of the American states since 1775 (though since 1765 in America as a name for proposed bodies). Congress of Vienna met Nov. 1, 1814, to June 8, 1815, and redrew the map of Europe with an eye to creating a balance of powers after the disruptions of Napoleon.
congressional (adj.): 1690s, from Latin congressionem (from congressus, see congress) + -al (1). Originally sometimes reviled as barbarous, Pickering (1816) quotes an unnamed English correspondent: "The term Congress belonging to America, the Americans may employ its derivatives, without waiting for the assent of the English."
congressman (n.): 1780, in reference to members of U.S. Congress, and it first appears in a piece of abuse (written by a Loyalist):
Ye coxcomb Congressmen, declaimers keen,
Brisk puppets of the Philadelphia scene ...
Congresswoman attested from 1918 (Jeannette Rankin (1880-1973) was the first).
degression (n.): late 15c., from Latin degressionem (nominative degressio) "a going down," noun of action from past participle stem of degredi "to go down, march down, descend," from de- "down" (see de-) + gradus "step" (see grade (n.)).
digress (v.): 1520s, from Latin digressus, past participle of digredi "to go aside, depart" (see digression), or perhaps a back-formation from digression. Related: Digressed; digressing.
digression (n.): late 14c., from Latin digressionem (nominative digressio) "a going away, departing," noun of action from past participle stem of digredi "to deviate," from dis- "apart, aside" (see dis-) + gradi "to step, go" (see grade (n.)).
egress (n.): 1530s, "act of going out," from Latin egressus "a going out," noun use of past participle of egredi "go out," from ex- "out" (see ex-) + -gredi, comb. form of gradi "step, go" (see grade (n.)). Perhaps a back-formation from egression (early 15c.). Meaning "place of exit" is from 1670s. "One who goes out" is an egressor.
ingress (n.): mid-15c., from Latin ingressus "an advance; walking; an entry," from past participle stem of ingredi "to step into, enter" (see ingredient). The verb, sometimes said to be American English, is attested from early 14c.
negress (n.): 1750, from French négresse, fem. of nègre "negro," which came to French via Spanish or Portuguese (see Negro).
non-aggression (n.): also nonaggression, 1759, "absence of warlike intentions among nations," from non- + aggression.
progress (v.): 1590s in the literal sense; c. 1600 in the figurative sense, from progress (n.). OED says the verb was obsolete in English 18c. but was reformed or retained in America and subsequently long regarded in Britain as an Americanism. Related: Progressed; progressing.
progress (n.): late 14c., "a going on, action of walking forward," from Old French progres (Modern French progrès), from Latin progressus "a going forward," from past participle of progredi (see progression).

In early use in English especially "a state journey by royalty." Figurative sense of "growth, development, advancement to higher stages" is from c. 1600. To be in progress "underway" is attested by 1849. Progress report attested by 1865.
progression (n.): late 14c., "action of moving from one condition to another," from Old French progression and directly from Latin progressionem (nominative progressio) "a going forward, advancement, growth, increase," noun of action from past participle stem of progredi "go forward," from pro- "forward" (see pro-) + gradi "to step, walk," from gradus "step" (see grade (n.)).
progressive (adj.): c. 1600, "characterized by advancement" (in action, character, etc.), from progress (n.) + -ive, or else from French progressif, from past participle stem of Latin progredi. Of taxation, from 1889; of jazz, from 1947. Meaning "characterized by striving for change and innovation, avant-garde, liberal" is from 1908.

In the socio-political sense "favoring reform; radically liberal," it emerged in various British contexts from the 1880s; in the U.S. it was active as a movement in the 1890s and a generation thereafter, the name being taken again from time to time, most recently by some more liberal Democrats and other social activists, by c. 2000. The noun in the sense "one who favors social and political change in the name of progress" is first attested 1865 (originally in Christianity). Earlier in a like sense were progressionist (1849, adjective; 1884, noun), progressist (1848). Related: Progressively; progressiveness.
progressivism (n.): 1855 (from 1892 in the political sense), from progressive + -ism.
regress (n.): late 14c., "act of going back," from Latin regressus "a return, retreat, a going back," noun use of past participle of regredi "to go back," from re- "back" (see re-) + gradi "to step, walk" (see grade (n.)).
regress (v.): 1550s, "to return to a former state," from Latin regressus (see regress (n.)). Meaning "to move backward" is from 1823. The psychological sense of "to return to an earlier stage of life" is attested from 1926. Related: Regressed; regressing.
regression (n.): early 15c., from Latin regressionem (nominative regressio) "a going back, a return," noun of action from past participle stem of regredi (see regress (n.)).
regressive (adj.): 1630s; see regress + -ive. In reference to taxation, it is attested from 1889. Related: Regressively.
retrogress (v.): "move backward; deteriorate," 1816, probably a back-formation from retrogression. Related: Retrogressed; retrogressing.
retrogression (n.): 1640s, noun of action, formed on model of progression, from Latin retrogressus, past participle of retrogradi "move backward" (see retrograde).
retrogressive (adj.): "tending to move backward," 1785, from Latin retrogress-, past participle stem of retrogradi "move backward, go backward" (see retrograde) + -ive. Related: Retrogressively.
tigress (n.): 1610s, from tiger + -ess.
transgress (v.): late 15c., from Middle French transgresser (14c.), from Latin transgressus, past participle of transgredi "to step across, step over" (see transgression). Related: Transgressed; transgressing.
transgression (n.): late 14c., from Old French transgression "transgression," particularly that relating to Adam and the Fall (12c.), from Late Latin transgressionem (nominative transgressio) "a transgression of the law," in classical Latin, "a going over, a going across," noun of action from transgressus, past participle of transgredi "step across, step over; climb over, pass, go beyond," from trans- "across" (see trans-) + gradi (past participle gressus) "to walk, go" (see grade (n.)). Geological sense is from 1882.
transgressive (adj.): 1640s, "inclined to transgress," from transgress + -ive. Related: Transgressively.
transgressor (n.): early 15c., from Anglo-French transgressour, Old French transgressor (14c.), and directly from Latin transgressor, agent noun from transgredi (see transgression).
progressist: "A person who favours or advocates progress, especially in political or social matters; a reformer, a progressive", Mid 19th cent.; earliest use found in The Times. From progress + -ist; in many instances after equivalent terms in Romance languages, as French progressiste, Spanish progresista, adjective and noun, Italian progressista, adjective and noun.