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idiosyncracy [idiosyncracy 词源字典]: idiosyncracy: [17] Greek idios meant ‘of a particular person, personal, private, own’. Among the words it has contributed to English are idiom [16] (etymologically ‘one’s own particular way of speaking’), idiot, and idiosyncracy. This was a compound formed in Greek with súgkrāsis, itself a compound noun made up of sún ‘together’ and krāsis ‘mixture’ (a relative of English crater). Súgkrāsis originally meant literally ‘mixture’, but it was later used metaphorically for ‘mixture of personal characteristics, temperament’, and so idiosúgkrāsis was ‘one’s own particular mix of traits’.
=> idiom, idiot[idiosyncracy etymology, idiosyncracy origin, 英语词源]
idiot: idiot: [13] The etymological idea underlying idiot is of a ‘private individual’. That is what Greek idiótēs (a derivative of ídios ‘personal, private’) originally meant. It was extended to the ordinary ‘common man’, particularly a lay person without any specialized knowledge, and so came to be used rather patronizingly for an ‘ignorant person’. It is this derogatory sense that has come down to English via Latin idiōta and Old French idiot.
=> idiosyncracy
insidious: insidious: see session
invidious: invidious: see envy
coccidiosis (n.): Modern Latin, from Greek *kokkidion, diminutive of kokkis, diminutive of kokkos "berry" + -osis.
enchiridion (n.): 1540s, "a handbook," from Late Latin, from Greek enkheiridion, neuter of enkheiridios "that which is held in the hand," from en "in" (see en- (2)) + kheir "hand" (see chiro-) + diminutive suffix -idion.
fastidious (adj.): mid-15c., "full of pride," from Latin fastidiosus "disdainful, squeamish, exacting," from fastidium "loathing, squeamishness; dislike, aversion; excessive nicety," which is of uncertain origin; perhaps from *fastu-taidiom, a compound of fastus "contempt, arrogance, pride," and taedium "aversion, disgust." Fastus is possibly from PIE *bhars- (1) "projection, bristle, point," on the notion of "prickliness" (Watkins) or "a semantic shift from 'top' to 'haughtiness' which is conceivable, but the u-stem is not attested independently" [de Vaan], who adds that "fastidium would be a tautology." Early use in English was both in passive and active senses. Meaning "squeamish, over-nice" in English emerged 1610s. Related: Fastidiously; fastidiousness.
idio-: word-forming element meaning "one's own, personal, distinct," from Greek idio-, comb. form of idios "own, personal, private, one's own" (see idiom).
idiocrasy (n.): "peculiarity," 1680s, from Greek idiokrasia, from idio- (see idio-) + krasis "mixing, tempering" (see rare (adj.2)).
idiocy (n.): 1520s, from idiot on model of prophecy, etc. Early alternatives included idiotacy (1580s), idiotry (1590s).
idiolect (n.): 1948, from idio- + second element abstracted from dialect.
idiom (n.): 1580s, "form of speech peculiar to a people or place," from Middle French idiome (16c.) and directly from Late Latin idioma "a peculiarity in language," from Greek idioma "peculiarity, peculiar phraseology," from idioumai "to appropriate to oneself," from idios "personal, private," properly "particular to oneself," from PIE *swed-yo-, suffixed form of root *s(w)e-, pronoun of the third person and reflexive (referring back to the subject of a sentence), also used in forms denoting the speaker's social group, "(we our-)selves" (cognates: Sanskrit svah, Avestan hva-, Old Persian huva "one's own," khva-data "lord," literally "created from oneself;" Greek hos "he, she, it;" Latin suescere "to accustom, get accustomed," sodalis "companion;" Old Church Slavonic svoji "his, her, its," svojaku "relative, kinsman;" Gothic swes "one's own;" Old Norse sik "oneself;" German Sein; Old Irish fein "self, himself"). Meaning "phrase or expression peculiar to a language" is from 1620s.
idiomatic (adj.): 1712, from Latin idiomaticus, from Greek idiomatikos; from idios "one's own" (see idiom) + matos "thinking, animated" (see automaton).
idiopathy (n.): 1640s, Modern Latin, from Greek idiopatheia, from comb. form of idios "one's own" (see idiom) + -patheia, comb. form of pathos "suffering, disease, feeling" (see pathos). Related: idiopathic.
idiosyncrasy (n.): c. 1600, from French idiosyncrasie, from Greek idiosynkrasia "a peculiar temperament," from idios "one's own" (see idiom) + synkrasis "temperament, mixture of personal characteristics," from syn "together" (see syn-) + krasis "mixture" (see rare (adj.2)). Originally in English a medical term meaning "physical constitution of an individual." Mental sense first attested 1660s.
idiosyncratic (n.): 1779, from idiosyncrasy + -ic. Earlier in same sense was idiosyncratical (1640s). Related: Idiosyncratically.
idiot (n.): early 14c., "person so mentally deficient as to be incapable of ordinary reasoning;" also in Middle English "simple man, uneducated person, layman" (late 14c.), from Old French idiote "uneducated or ignorant person" (12c.), from Latin idiota "ordinary person, layman; outsider," in Late Latin "uneducated or ignorant person," from Greek idiotes "layman, person lacking professional skill" (opposed to writer, soldier, skilled workman), literally "private person (as opposed to one taking part in public affairs)," used patronizingly for "ignorant person," from idios "one's own" (see idiom).
Reader, suppose you were an idiot. And suppose you were a member of Congress. But I repeat myself. [Mark Twain, c. 1882]
Idiot box "television set" is from 1959; idiot light "dashboard warning signal" is attested from 1968. Idiot savant attested by 1870.
idiotic (adj.): 1713, from Late Latin idioticus "uneducated, ignorant," in classical Latin, "of an ordinary person," from Greek idiotikos "unprofessional, unskilled; not done by rules of art, unprofessional," from idiotes (see idiot). Idiotical is from 1640s. Related: Idiotically.
insidious (adj.): 1540s, from Middle French insidieux (15c.) or directly from Latin insidiosus "deceitful, cunning, artful," from insidiae (plural) "plot, snare, ambush," from insidere "sit on, occupy," from in- "in" (see in- (2)) + sedere "to sit" (see sedentary). Related: Insidiously; insidiousness.
invidious (adj.): c. 1600, from Latin invidiosus "full of envy, envious," from invidia "envy, grudge, jealousy, ill will" (see envy). Related: Invidiously; invidiousness.
ophidiophobia (n.): 1914, "excessive fear of snakes or reptiles," from ophidio- apparently extracted from Modern Latin ophidia, a word coined arbitrarily (to provide an -ia form to serve as an order name in taxonomy) from Greek ophis "serpent" (see ophio-) + -phobia.
perfidious (adj.): 1590s, from Latin perfidiosus "treacherous," from perfidia (see perfidy). Related: Perfidiously; perfidiousness.
presidio (n.): 1808, American English, from Spanish presidio "fort, settlement," from Latin praesidium "defense, protection," from praesidere "to sit before, protect" (see preside).
idiot savant: "A person who has a mental disability or learning difficulties but is extremely gifted in a particular way, such as the performing of feats of memory or calculation", French, literally 'knowledgeable idiot'.
idioblast: " Botany . A plant cell having a distinctly different nature or contents from those of the surrounding tissue", Late 19th cent.; earliest use found in Sydney Vines (1849–1934), botanist. From German Idioblast from Idio- + -blast.
idiography: "The study of the individual, or of single events or facts", Mid 18th cent.; earliest use found in Roger North (1651–1734), lawyer, politician, and writer. From idio- + -graphy.
idioglossia: " Medicine a form of dyslalia characterized by consistent substitution of speech sounds to such a degree that the affected person seems to speaking a language of his or her own", Late 19th cent. From idio- + -glossia, perhaps after Hellenistic Greek ἰδιόγλωσσος of distinct tongue.
idiochromatic: "Of a mineral: deriving its colour or optical properties from the chemicals which are an essential part of its composition", Mid 19th cent.; earliest use found in James Nicol (1810–1879), geologist. From idio- + chromatic, after German idiochromatisch.
vidiot: "A habitual, undiscriminating watcher of television or videotapes", 1960s: blend of video and idiot.
conidiophore: "(In certain fungi) a conidium-bearing hypha or filament", Late 19th century: from conidio- (combining form of conidium) + -phore.
idiocratic: "= idiosyncratic", Late 18th cent..
idiograph: "A piece or sample of a person's own handwriting; an autograph", Early 17th century; earliest use found in Henry Cockeram (fl. 1623–1658), lexicographer. From idio- + -graph; compare Byzantine Greek ἰδιόγραϕον autograph.