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aperiodic (adj.)[aperiodic 词源字典]: 1874, from a- (2), privative prefix, + periodic.[aperiodic etymology, aperiodic origin, 英语词源]
periodic (adj.): 1640s, from French périodique (14c.), from Latin periodicus, from periodus (see period).

Periodic table in chemistry (1889) is from notion of the arrangement, in which similar properties recur at intervals in elements in the same area as you read down the rows of the table. This sense of the word is attested from 1872 (periodic law).
periodical (adj.): c. 1600, from periodic + -al (1). As a noun meaning "magazine published at regular intervals," attested from 1798. Related: Periodically.
periodicity (n.): 1805, from French périodicité (1796), from périodique, from Latin periodicus (see periodic).
non-periodic: "Characterized by or exhibiting a lack of periodicity; without regular recurrence", Mid 19th cent.; earliest use found in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. From non- + periodic.