词根：spir, spirat = to breathe（呼吸）
词根spir 来源于拉丁语的spirare/spiratum ,词根spirat 来源此词的动名词词干，在英语中只出现于与某些动词相应的名词或形容词中；都意为to breathe。此外，它还有a cail的意思。
同源词：
1. aspire [继续、不停地呼吸a<ad (=to,intensive)+spir(=breathe)]
vi. to+sth/do 向往：怀有大志
aspiration n. 热望
aspirant n. 有志向的人
aspiring adj.有志气的，有抱负的
A century ago,few little girls aspired to be doctors. 一个世纪以前，几乎没有女孩想当医生。
2. transpire [通过某物呼吸或小声说话tran<trans(=through)+spir(=breathe)]
vi.（秘密等）被发现，被知道
vi.（使）散发（水分等）,使排出
3. conspire [con- 共同，spir- 呼吸 -e 后缀，我们常听到这样的话“这二个人一个鼻孔出气，能干出什么好事来”，共谋的人肯定要同“同呼吸，共命运]
v. 共谋；协力，共同促成 *con<com(=together)
4. conspirator
n. 同谋者；阴谋家 *con<com(=together)
conspiratorial adj.同谋者的；阴谋的
5. conspiracy
n. 共谋；阴谋 *con<com(=together)
6. expire
v.期满；呼气 *ex(=out), pir<spir(=breathe)
7. expiration
n. 期满；呼气 *ex(=out), pir<spir(=breathe)
at the expiration of the lease 在租期期满时
8. expiry
n. 终结，期满 *e(=out),pir<spir(=breathe),-ry名词后缀
expiry of a driving license 驾驶执照到期
9. inspire
v. 赋予…灵感；鼓舞；（文章、话等）给…以启示；授意发表（报道等）*in(=into)
inspiring adj.鼓舞的，激励人心的
inspired artists 富有灵感的诗人
inspired article 授意发表的文章
10. inspiration
n. 给予灵感的人（或物）；鼓舞人心的人（或物）；（源自灵感的）好办法，好主意 *in(=into)
draw inspiration from nature 从自然中获取灵感
have a sudden inspiration 突然想起一个好主意
11. perspire
v. 流汗；<喻>（流汗）劳作 *per(=through)
perspiration n. 汗水；出汗
12. respire
v.呼吸 *re (=again)
13. respiration
n. 呼吸；一次呼吸 *rer(=again)
artificial respiration 人工呼吸
14. respirator
n.口罩；人工呼吸机 *re(=again)
15. respiratory
adj.呼吸的 *re(=again)
respiratory organs/system 呼吸器官/系统
respiratory diseases 呼吸系统疾病
Respiratory Distress Syndrome （新生儿的）肺透明膜痛
16. suspiration
n.叹气，叹息 *sus<sub(=under), pir<spir(=breathe)
17. spirit
n.精神．心灵；灵魂；幽灵；（具有特定品质的）人物；勇气；活力；性格；情绪，心情；态度；时代精神，风气；酒精；(pl.)烈酒 v.神秘地带走
the abode of spirits 灵魂的安息处
the work of spirits 幽灵的所为
master spirit 大师
imperturbable spirit 不易激动的性格
say in a kind spirit 亲切地说
in high/low spirits 兴高采烈，情绪低落
the spirit of the times 时代精神
a glass of spirit and water 一杯掺了水的烈酒
18. spirited
adj. 活泼的，生机勃勃的；[构成复合词]有心情或情绪做的；猛烈的
spiritless adj.无精打采的，垂夹丧气的
spirited attack/defense/reply 猛烈的攻击/勇敢的防御/热烈的回应
spirited conversation 热烈的对话
high-spirited/low-spirired 兴致勃勃的/没精打采的
19. spiritual
adj.精神上的，心灵的；宗教的儿（美>黑人灵歌
spiritually adv.精神上
spirituality n.灵性；神圣
spiritualism n.招魂论，招魂术：唯心论
spiritualist n.招魂论者）
spiritualize v. 使精神化；使内心纯净；使变高尚
20. spirituous
adj.（液体）含有酒精的
spirituous liquors 烈酒（如威士忌）
21. sprightly
adj. 活泼的，生机勃勃的 *spr<spir(=breathe)
22. spiral
adj.螺旋形的；螺线的 n.螺旋；螺旋形的东西；螺旋弹簧；（物价等的）连续急剧上升或下降
v. 使成螺旋形；螺旋式移动；（物价等）不断急剧地上升或下降 *spir(=a coil)
spiral staircase 螺旋形楼梯
spiral line 螺旋线
spiral down 螺旋式下降
inflationary spiral 螺旋形膨胀
Prices are still spiraling. 物价还在急剧上升。
23. spire
n. 尖塔；圆锥形建筑物 *spir(=a coil)
24. dispirit
v. 使气馁；使沮丧（使精神丧失）
前缀：fore- 表示"前面, 预先
"
forestall 阻止（fore+stall阻止）
forebode 预兆；凶兆（fore+bode兆头→预兆）
forefather 前人，祖先（fore+father父亲；祖先）
forearm 前人，祖先（fore+amr胳膊）
forecast 预料（fore+cast扔→预先扔下→预料）
foreshadow 预示，暗示（fore+shadow影子→影子预先来）
词根词缀：-age
【来源及含义】Latin: suffix; quality of, act of, process, function, condition, or place; forms nouns that denote an action; a product of an action; a place, an abode
【同源单词】acreage, amperage, anecdotage, appendage, arbitrage, assuage
词根词缀：gehenna-
【来源及含义】Hebrew > Greek > Latin: hell or hellfire
【相关描述】Moloch [MOH luhk] or Molech (Hebrew, melech: king). He was the god of the Ammonites, to whom children were made "to pass through the fire" as sacrifices. Children were dedicated ("passed over") and burned to Molech at the Tophet in the Valley of Hinnom near Jerusalem.
During the monarchical period of the Hebrews, the site was an infamous high place (called "topheth" and derived from an Aramaic word meaning "fireplace"), where some of the kings of Judah engaged in forbidden religious practices, including human sacrifice by fire; as mentioned earlier.
Probably because of these associations with fiery destruction and judgment, the word "Gehenna" came to be used metaphorically as a designation for hell or eternal damnation. As such, Gehenna is to be distinguished from Hades, which is either the bode of all the dead in general or the place where the wicked await the final judgment. In the New Testament, Gehenna designates the place or state of the final punishment of the wicked. It is variously described as a fiery furnace, an unquenchable fire, or an eternal fire prepared for the devil and his angels.
【相关词根词缀】 Cross references of word groups that are related, directly, indirectly, or partly to: "fire, burn, glow, or ashes": ars-, ard-; -bust; cand-, cend-; caust-, caut-; crema-; ciner-; ether-; flagr-; flam-; focus, foci-; fulg-; ign-; phleg-; phlog-; pyreto-, -pyrexia; pyr-; spod- (ashes; waste); volcan-.
【同源单词】gehenna, gehenne, gehennical
词根词缀：nom-, nomo-
【来源及含义】Greek: a meadow; a pasture; an abode; a place for eating; by extension, "distribution of an acute, necrotizing ulcerative process involving mucous membranes of the mouth or genitalia"
【相关描述】Don’t confuse this element with the Greek nomo- which means "law" or another Latin nom- meaning "name".
This element is closely related to nomad- which means “wander, moving around for pasture or grazing for herds or flocks”.
【同源单词】noma, nomocole, nomophile, nomophilous, pronomos