英语词源字典 - 在线词源网站

callosal (adj.)[callosal 词源字典]: "pertaining to the corpus callosum," from Latin callosus (see callous) + -al (1).[callosal etymology, callosal origin, 英语词源]
callous (adj.): c. 1400, "hardened," in the physical sense, from Latin callosus "thick-skinned," from callus, callum "hard skin" (see callus). The figurative sense of "unfeeling" appeared in English by 1670s. Related: Callously; callousness.
callow (adj.): Old English calu "bare, bald," from Proto-Germanic *kalwa- (cognates: Middle Dutch calu, Dutch kaal, Old High German kalo, German Kahl), from PIE root *gal- (1) "bald, naked" (cognates: Russian golyi "smooth, bald"). From young birds with no feathers, meaning extended to any young inexperienced thing or creature (1570s). Apparently not related to Latin calvus "bald."
callus (n.): "hardened skin," 1560s, from Latin callus, variant of callum "hard skin," related to callere "be hard," from PIE root *kal- (3) "hard" (cognates: Sanskrit kalika "bud," Old Irish calath "hard," Old Church Slavonic kaliti "to cool, harden").
calm (adj.): late 14c., from Old French calme "tranquility, quiet," traditionally from Old Italian calma, from Late Latin cauma "heat of the mid-day sun" (in Italy, a time when everything rests and is still), from Greek kauma "heat" (especially of the sun), from kaiein "to burn" (see caustic). Spelling influenced by Latin calere "to be hot." Figurative application to social or mental conditions is 16c.
calm (n.): late 14c., from Old French calme, carme "stillness, quiet, tranquility," from the adjective (see calm (adj.)).
calm (v.): late 14c., from Old French calmer or from calm (adj.). Related: Calmed; calming.
calmative (adj.): by 1831, from French calmatif; see calm (adj.) + -ative. A hybrid word; purists prefer sedative. "The Latinic suffix is here defensible on the ground of It. and Sp. calmar, F. calmer ...." [OED].
calmly (adv.): 1590s, from calm (adj.) + -ly (2).
calmness (n.): 1510s, from calm (adj.) + -ness.
calomel (n.): old name for mercurous chloride, 1670s, from French calomel, supposedly (Littré) from Greek kalos "fair" (see Callisto) + melas "black;" but as the powder is yellowish-white this seems difficult. "It is perhaps of significance that the salt is blackened by ammonia and alkalis" [Flood].
Calor (n.): proprietary name for a type of liquid gas sold in Britain, 1936, from Latin calor, literally "heat" (see calorie).
caloric (n.): hypothetical fluid in a now-discarded model of heat exchange, 1792, from French calorique, coined in this sense by Lavoisier, from Latin calorem "heat" (nominative calor; see calorie). The adjective is recorded from 1865.
calorie (n.): 1866, from French calorie, from Latin calor (genitive caloris) "heat," from PIE *kle-os-, suffixed form of root *kele- (1) "warm" (cognates: Latin calidus "warm," calere "be hot;" Sanskrit carad- "harvest," literally "hot time;" Lithuanian silti "become warm," silus "August;" Old Norse hlær, Old English hleow "warm").

In scientific use, largely replaced 1950 by the joule. As a unit of energy, defined as "heat required to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius" (the small or gram calorie), but also as "heat required to raise 1 kilogram of water 1 degree Celsius" (the large calorie or kilocalorie).
calorimeter (n.): 1794, from calorie + -meter. A hybrid word.
calque (n.): "loan translation of a foreign word or phrase," from French calque, literally "a copy," from calquer "to trace by rubbing" (itself borrowed in English 1660s as calk), introduced 16c. from Italian calcare, from Latin calcare "to tread, to press down."
calumet (n.): 1660s, from Canadian French calumet, from Norman French calumet "pipe" (Old French chalemel, 12c., Modern French chalumeau), from Latin calamellus, diminutive of calamus "reed; something made of reed or shaped like a reed" (see shawm).
calumniate (v.): 1550s, from Latin calumniatus, past participle of calumniari "to accuse falsely," from calumnia "slander, false accusation" (see calumny). Related: Calumniated; calumniating.
calumniation (n.): 1540s, noun of action from calumniate (v.).
calumniator (n.): 1690s, from Latin calumniator, agent noun from calumniari (see calumniate (v.)).