英语词源字典 - 在线词源网站

manipulate [manipulate 词源字典]: manipulate: see manual
[manipulate etymology, manipulate origin, 英语词源]
manna: manna: [OE] Manna was introduced into Old English by Latin, which got it from Aramaic mannā. This was a derivative of Hebrew mān, one of a family of Semitic words denoting an edible substance exuded by a sort of tamarisk tree that grows in the Sinai desert.
mannequin: mannequin: see man
manner: manner: [12] Etymologically, a manner is a method of ‘handling’ something. It comes via Anglo-Norman manere from Vulgar Latin *manuāria ‘way of handling’. This was a noun use of the Latin adjective manuārius ‘of the hand’, a derivative of manus ‘hand’. The adoption of manner as a conventional translation of Latin modus ‘method’ helped to establish the far broader range of meanings it has today.
=> manual
manoeuvre: manoeuvre: [18] Essentially manoeuvre and manure [14] are the same word. Both go back ultimately to a Latin expression denoting ‘manual labour’. This was manū operārī, literally ‘work with the hand’. It was lexicalized in medieval Latin as the verb manuoperāre, and this passed into Old French as manovrer. Middle English took it over via Anglo-Norman mainoverer as maynoyre or manour, which at first was used for ‘administer land’, and more specifically ‘cultivate land’.

Not until the mid 16th century did the noun manure, denoting ‘dung spread in cultivating the land’, emerge. Meanwhile Old French manovrer developed into modern French manoeuvrer, which English borrowed in the 18th century.
=> manual, manure, operate
manor: manor: [13] Etymologically, a manor is a place where one ‘stays’ or ‘dwells’. It goes back ultimately to the Latin verb manēre ‘remain, stay’, which in post-classical times was used for ‘dwell, live’. Its Old French descendant maneir came to be used as a noun, meaning ‘dwelling place’. This passed into English via Anglo- Norman maner, and was originally used for ‘country house’.

In the 14th century it came to be incorporated into the terminology of the feudal system, from which its present-day meanings come. The past participle stem of manēre was māns-, from which was derived the Latin noun mānsiō ‘place to stay’. Old French took this over in two forms: maison (whence the modern French word for ‘house’, source of English maisonette [19]) and mansion.

English borrowed this as mansion [14], and originally used it for ‘place of abode, house’. The present-day connotations of a ‘large stately house’ did not emerge until as recently as the 19th century. Manse [15] comes from the same ultimate source, as do menagerie [18] (whose immediate French source originally denoted the ‘management of domestic animals’), permanent, and remain.
=> maisonette, manse, mansion, menagerie, permanent, remain
mantis: mantis: see necromancy
mantle: mantle: [13] Mantle comes via Old French mantel from Latin mantellum ‘cloak’, a word of uncertain (possibly Celtic) origin. Related forms to find their way into English from other languages include mantilla [18] (a Spanish diminutive of manta ‘cape’, which came from Latin mantus, a shortened form of mantellum) and mantua, a term used in the 17th and 18th centuries for a woman’s loose gown, which arose from the association of modern French manteau with the name of the Italian city of Mantua, once famous for its silks. And the mantel [15] of mantelpiece is a variant spelling of mantle.
=> mantel
manual: manual: [15] The Latin word for ‘hand’ was manus (it came from an Indo-European base *mə n-, and its modern descendants include French main, Italian and Spanish mano, and Romanian mîna). It has contributed generously to English vocabulary, and manual (from the Latin adjective manuālis) is among its least heavily disguised derivatives.

Others include amanuensis [17] (from the Latin phrase servus ā manū ‘servant at hand(writing)’, hence ‘secretary’); emancipate; manacle [14] (from Latin manicula ‘little hand’); manage; mandate (and its relatives command, demand, etc); manicure [19]; manifest; manipulate [19] (from Latin manipulus ‘handful’); manner; manoeuvre; manufacture [16] (ultimately from Latin manū factum ‘made by hand’); manure; manuscript [16] (in Latin literally ‘written by hand’); mastiff; and possibly masturbate [17], which comes from Latin masturbārī, perhaps a lexicalization of the phrase manū stuprāre ‘defile with the hand’.
=> amanuensis, command, demand, emancipate, manacle, manage, mandate, manifest, manipulate, manner, manoeuvre, manure, mastiff, masturbate, maundy, remand
manure: manure: see manoeuvre
many: many: [OE] Many goes back ultimately to Indo- European *monogho-, *menogho-, which also produced Russian mnogij ‘many’ and Welsh mynych ‘often’. From it was descended prehistoric Germanic *managaz, *manigaz, which have differentiated into German manch, Dutch menig, Swedish många, Danish mange, and English many. The pronunciation /meni/ dates from the 13th century; it perhaps arose from association with the unrelated any. The derived manifold [OE] preserves the original pronunciation.
=> manifold
map: map: [16] Map is closely related to apron and napkin. It comes from Latin mappa, which denoted a ‘cloth’, ‘towel’, ‘sheet’, ‘table-cloth’, etc. This was used in the expression mappa mundī, literally ‘sheet of the world’, which referred to a graphical representation of the earth’s surface – a ‘map’, in other words.
=> apron, napkin
maquis: maquis: [20] The French word maquis literally means ‘undergrowth, scrub’, and its use for the resistance fighters who opposed German occupation during World War II is an allusion to their hide-outs in scrubby country. It is a borrowing, via Corsica, of Italian macchia. This originally meant ‘spot’ (it came from Latin macula ‘spot, stain’, source of English immaculate and mail ‘armour’), but was transferred metaphorically to a ‘bush or thicket seen from the distance as a spot on a hillside’.
=> immaculate, mail
marathon: marathon: [19] According to tradition, when the Greek army defeated the Persians at Marathon, on the northeast coast of Attica, in 490 BC, the runner Pheidippides was dispatched to bring the good news to Athens (in fact there is no contemporary evidence for the story, which is not recorded until 700 years after the event). When the modern Olympic Games were first held, in Athens in 1896, a long-distance race was introduced to commemorate the ancient feat, run over a course supposedly equal in distance to that from Marathon to Athens (about 35 km/22 miles).

The present distance (42.195 km/26 miles 385 yards) was established at the 1908 London Olympics (the odd yards were added to bring the finishing line in front of the royal box).
marble: marble: [12] Greek mármaros, a word of unknown origin, denoted to begin with ‘any hard stone’, but association with the verb marmaírein ‘shine’ led to a particular application to ‘marble’. Latin took it over as marmor, and it passed into Old French as marbre. Here, by a process known as dissimilation, in which one of two similar sounds is replaced by a different one, marbre became marble – whence English marble. The use of the word for the little ball with which the game of ‘marbles’ is played dates from the late 17th century.
march: march: English has three words march. The commonest is also the most recent: march ‘walk as a soldier’ [16]. Etymologically, this means virtually ‘trample down’. It comes via French marcher from Gallo-Roman *marcāre, a verb derived from late Latin marcus ‘hammer’. The month-name March [12] goes back via Old French to Latin Martius, literally the ‘month of Mars, the god of war’ (Mars also gave English martial). March ‘boundary’ [13] has now almost died out, apart from its use in the plural (‘the Marches’) as a geographical name.

It comes via Old French marche from medieval Latin marca (source also of marquis and marchioness); and marca in turn goes back through Frankish *marka to prehistoric Germanic *markō, source of English mark.
=> martial; mark, marquis
mare: mare: see marshal
margarine: margarine: [19] Margarine was invented in 1869 by the French food technologist Hippolyte Mège-Mouries. Its name was based on margaric acid, a term coined by the French biochemist Michel-Eugène Chevreul for a fatty acid which he believed to be one of the constituents of animal fats (the earliest margarine was made from clarified beef fat). He derived it from Greek margarítēs ‘pearl’ (source also of English marguerite [19], and of the names Margaret and Margot), an allusion to the pearly lustre of the acid crystals. The abbreviation marge dates from the 1920s.
=> marguerite
margin: margin: [14] Margin comes from margin-, the stem form of Latin margō ‘margin’. This appears to go back to the same ultimate source as English mark (which originally meant ‘boundary’). The now archaic synonym marge [15] was borrowed from the Latin word’s French descendant.
=> march, mark
marigold: marigold: [14] The Old English term for this yellow-to-orange-flowered plant was golde, which was presumably derived from gold, in allusion to the colour. In the Middle Ages the name Mary (no doubt a reference to the Virgin Mary) was added to it. Another English word based ultimately on Mary is marionette [17], which was borrowed from a French word derived from the diminutive form Marion.