英语词源字典 - 在线词源网站

body [body 词源字典]: body: [OE] For a word so central to people’s perception of themselves, body is remarkably isolated linguistically. Old High German had potah ‘body’, traces of which survived dialectally into modern times, but otherwise it is without known relatives in any other Indo- European language. Attempts have been made, not altogether convincingly, to link it with words for ‘container’ or ‘barrel’, such as medieval Latin butica. The use of body to mean ‘person in general’, as in somebody, nobody, got fully under way in the 14th century.
[body etymology, body origin, 英语词源]
melody: melody: [13] Greek mélos originally meant ‘limb’ (it is related to Cornish mal ‘joint’), but it was transferred metaphorically to a ‘limb or ‘part’ of a piece of music’, a ‘musical phrase’, and from there to ‘song’. It was combined with the element ōid- ‘singing’ (source of English ode) to form melōidíā ‘choral song’, which passed into English via late Latin melōdia and Old French melodie. The compound melodrama [19] is of French origin.
=> melodrama, ode
parody: parody: see prosody
prosody: prosody: [15] Despite the passing similarity, prosody has no etymological connection with prose. In fact, its closest English relative is ode. It comes via Latin prosōdia from Greek prosōidíā, which originally meant ‘song with an instrumental accompaniment’. This was a compound formed from prós ‘in addition to’ and ōidé ‘song’ (source of English ode [16] and also of parody [16], rhapsody, and probably tragedy).
=> melody, ode, parody, rhapsody
rhapsody: rhapsody: [16] A rhapsody is etymologically the product of a ‘weaver of songs’. It goes back ultimately to Greek rhapsōidíā ‘epic poem recited on a single occasion’, which was derived from rhapsōidós ‘writer of such poems’. This was a compound formed from rháptein ‘sew together’ and ōidé ‘song’ (source of English ode, parody, prosody, etc). The somewhat trivialized modern meaning ‘self-indulgently effusive piece of verse, music, etc’ emerged in the 17th century.
=> melody, ode, parody, prosody
aerodynamic (adj.): also aero-dynamic, 1847; see aero- + dynamic (adj.). Compare German aerodynamische (1835), French aérodynamique.
aerodynamics (n.): 1837, from aero- "air" + dynamics.
anodyne (adj.): 1540s, from Medieval Latin anodynus "pain-removing, allaying pain," from Latin anodynus "painless," from Greek anodynos "free from pain," from an- "without" (see an- (1)) + odyne "pain," a word perhaps from PIE root *ed- "to eat" (source of Lithuanian edžioti "to devour, bite," edžiotis "to suffer pain;" see eat). In old slang, frequently a euphemism for "death;" as in anodyne necklace "hangman's noose."
antibody (n.): "substance developed in blood as an antitoxin," 1901, a hybrid formed from anti- "against" + body. Probably a translation of German Antikörper, condensed from a phrase such as anti-toxischer Körper "anti-toxic body" (1891).
anybody (n.): c. 1300, ani-bodi, from any + body. One-word form is attested by 1826. Phrase anybody's game (or race, etc.) is from 1840.
apodyterium (n.): 1690s, from Latin apodyterium "undressing room" (in a bath house), from Greek apodyterion "undressing room," from apodyein "to put off, undress," from apo- "off" (see apo-) + dyein "to put on, enter, go in."
bloody (adj.): Old Engish blodig, adjective from blod (see blood). Common Germanic, compare Old Frisian blodich, Old Saxon blôdag, Dutch bloedig, Old High German bluotag, German blutig.

It has been a British intensive swear word since at least 1676. Weekley relates it to the purely intensive use of the cognate Dutch bloed, German Blut. But perhaps it ultimately is connected with bloods in the slang sense of "rowdy young aristocrats" (see blood (n.)) via expressions such as bloody drunk "as drunk as a blood."

Partridge reports that it was "respectable" before c. 1750, and it was used by Fielding and Swift, but heavily tabooed c. 1750-c. 1920, perhaps from imagined association with menstruation; Johnson calls it "very vulgar," and OED writes of it, "now constantly in the mouths of the lowest classes, but by respectable people considered 'a horrid word', on par with obscene or profane language."
The onset of the taboo against bloody coincides with the increase in linguistic prudery that presaged the Victorian Era but it is hard to say what the precise cause was in the case of this specific word. Attempts have been made to explain the term's extraordinary shock power by invoking etymology. Theories that derive it from such oaths as "By our Lady" or "God's blood" seem farfetched, however. More likely, the taboo stemmed from the fear that many people have of blood and, in the minds of some, from an association with menstrual bleeding. Whatever, the term was debarred from polite society during the whole of the nineteenth century. [Rawson]
Shaw shocked theatergoers when he put it in the mouth of Eliza Doolittle in "Pygmalion" (1914), and for a time the word was known euphemistically as "the Shavian adjective." It was avoided in print as late as 1936. Bloody Sunday, Jan. 30, 1972, when 13 civilians were killed by British troops at protest in Londonderry, Northern Ireland.
bloody (v.): 1520s, from bloody (adj.). Related: Bloodied; bloodying. Old English had blodigan "to make bloody," but the modern word seems to be a later formation.
Bloody Mary: the cocktail, attested from 1953 (originally touted in part as a hangover cure), said to be named for Mary Tudor, queen of England 1553-58, who earned her epithet for vigorous prosecution of Protestants. The drink earned its, apparently, simply for being red from tomato juice. The cocktail's popularity also concided with that of the musical "South Pacific," which has a character named "Bloody Mary."
body (n.): Old English bodig "trunk, chest" (of a man or animal); related to Old High German botah, of unknown origin. Not elsewhere in Germanic, and the word has died out in German (replaced by leib, originally "life," and körper, from Latin). In English, extension to "person" is from late 13c. Meaning "main part" of anything was in late Old English, hence its use in reference to vehicles (1520s).

Contrasted with soul since at least mid-13c. Meaning "corpse" (short for dead body) is from late 13c. Transferred to matter generally in Middle English (as in heavenly body, late 14c.). Body politic "the nation, the state" first recorded 1520s, legalese, with French word order. Body image was coined 1935. Body language is attested from 1967, perhaps from French langage corporel (1966). Phrase over my dead body attested by 1833.
bodyguard (n.): 1735, "retinue, escort," collective singular, from body + guard (n.). Attested 1861 as "a soldier of the bodyguard."
broody (adj.): 1510s, "apt to breed," from brood (v.) + -y (2). Figuratively, of persons, from 1851. Also, in modern use, sometimes "full of maternal yearning." Related: Broodily; broodiness.
busybody (n.): "meddlesome person," 1520s, from busy (adj.) in the otherwise-obsolete sense "prying, meddlesome" + body "person."
custody (n.): mid-15c., from Latin custodia "guarding, watching, keeping," from custos (genitive custodis) "guardian, keeper, protector," from PIE *(s)keu- "to cover, conceal" (see hide (n.1)).
embody (v.): 1540s, in reference to a soul or spirit invested with a physical form; from 1660s of principles, ideas, etc.; from em- (1) "in" + body (n.). Related: Embodied; embodying.
everybody (n.): late 14c., from every + body (n.) in obsolete sense of "person."
goody (n.1): also goodie, "something tasty," 1745, from good (adj.) + -y (2). Adjectival use for "sentimentally proper" is by 1830 (especially in reduplicated form goody-goody, 1865). As an exclamation of pleasure, by 1796.
goody (n.2): 1550s, a shortened form of goodwife, a term of civility applied to a married woman in humble life; hence Goody Two-shoes, name of the heroine in 1760s children's story ("The History of little Goody Two Shoes; otherwise called Mrs. Margery Two Shoes") who exulted upon acquiring a second shoe.
grody (adj.): variant of grotty.
homebody (n.): 1821, from home (n.) + body.
hydrodynamic (adj.): 1828, from hydro- + dynamic (adj.). Related: Hydrodynamics (1779).
Jody (n.): "civilian who is thought to be prospering back home with a soldier's sweetheart, wife, job, etc.," by 1979, said to date from World War II, from masc. proper name Jody, for no clear reason. Hence Jody call.
melody (n.): late 13c., from Old French melodie "music, song, tune" (12c.), from Late Latin melodia, from Greek meloidia "a singing, a chanting, choral song, a tune for lyric poetry," from melos "song, part of song" (see melisma) + oide "song, ode" (see ode).
mody (adj.): "fashionable," 1701, from mode (n.2) + -y (2).
moody (adj.): Old English modig "brave, proud, high-spirited, impetuous, arrogant," from Proto-Germanic *modago- (cognates: Old Saxon modag, Dutch moedig, German mutig, Old Norse moðugr); see mood (1) + -y (2). Meaning "subject to gloomy spells" is first recorded 1590s (via a Middle English sense of "angry").
nobody (n.): mid-14c., no body "no person noone," from Middle English no (adj.) "not any" + bodi (see body (n.)). Written as two words 14c.-18c.; hyphenated 17c.-18c. Incorrect use with their is attested from 1540s. Meaning "person of no importance" is from 1580s.
Odysseus: king of Ithaca, from Greek Odysseus (Latin Ulysses), of unknown origin, perhaps related to odyssasthai "to be grieved at, be angry at."
odyssey (n.): c. 1600, "Odyssey," from Latin Odyssea, from Greek Odysseia, name of the Homeric epic poem of ancient Greece, relating the ten-year wanderings of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, after the Trojan War. Figurative sense of "long, adventurous journey" is first recorded 1889.
parody (n.): 1590s (first recorded use in English is in Ben Jonson), from or in imitation of Latin parodia "parody," from Greek paroidia "burlesque song or poem," from para- "beside, parallel to" (see para- (1), in this case, "mock-") + oide "song, ode" (see ode). The meaning "poor or feeble imitation" is from 1830. Related: Parodic; parodical.
parody (v.): c. 1745, from parody (n.). Related: Parodied; parodying.
praseodymium (n.): rare metallic element, 1885, coined in Modern Latin by discoverer Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858-1929) from Greek prasios "leek-green" (from prason "leek") + didymos "double," the name given to an earth in 1840, so called because it was a "twin" to lanthana. When didymia was further analyzed in the 1880s, it was found to have several components, one of which was characterized by green salts and named accordingly, with the elemental suffix -ium.
prosody (n.): late 15c., from Latin prosodia "accent of a syllable," from Greek prosoidia "song sung to music," also "accent, modulation," literally "a singing in addition to," from pros "to, forward, near" + oide "song, poem" (see ode). Related: Prosodiacal; prosodist.
psychodynamic (adj.): also psycho-dynamic, 1856, from psycho- + dynamic (adj.).
rhapsody (n.): 1540s, "epic poem," from Middle French rhapsodie, from Latin rhapsodia, from Greek rhapsoidia "verse composition, recitation of epic poetry; a book, a lay, a canto," from rhapsodos "reciter of epic poems," literally "one who stitches or strings songs together," from rhaptein "to stitch, sew, weave" (see wrap (v.)) + oide "song" (see ode). Meaning "exalted enthusiastic feeling or expression" is from 1630s. Meaning "sprightly musical composition" is first recorded 1850s.
somebody (n.): c. 1300, "indeterminate person," from some + body. Meaning "important person, person of consequence" is from 1560s. Somebody else is from 1640s; meaning "romantic rival" is from 1911.
thermodynamic (adj.): 1849, from thermo- + dynamic (adj.).
thermodynamics (n.): theory of relationship between heat and mechanical energy, 1854, from thermodynamic (adj.); also see -ics. "The consideration of moving forces, though suggested by the form of the word, does not enter into the subject to any considerable extent" [Century Dictionary].
threnody (n.): "song of lamentation," 1630s, from Greek threnodia "lamentation," from threnos "dirge, lament" + oide "ode" (see ode). Greek threnos probably is from PIE imitative root *dher- (3) "to drone, murmur, hum;" cognates: Old English dran "drone," Gothic drunjus "sound," Greek tenthrene "a kind of wasp."
troglodyte (n.): "cave-dweller," 1550s, from Middle French troglodyte and directly from Latin troglodytae (plural), from Greek troglodytes "cave-dweller, cave-man" (in reference to tribes identified as living in various places by ancient writers; by Herodotus on the African coast of the Red Sea), literally "one who creeps into holes," from trogle "hole, mouse-hole" (from trogein "to gnaw, nibble, munch;" see trout) + dyein "go in, dive in." Related: Troglodytic.
woody (adj.): late 14c., "overgrown with trees and shrubs," from wood (n.) + -y (2). Of plants, "having a stem of wood," from 1570s. Related: Woodiness. Old English had wudulic. As a name for a kind of station wagon with wood panels, by 1961, U.S. surfer slang (real wood exterior panels were rare after 1951 and the last use of real wood was in the 1953 Buick Roadmaster Estate Wagon). Slang meaning "erection" attested by 1990 (for hardness).
neodymium: "The chemical element of atomic number 60, a silvery-white metal of the lanthanide series. Neodymium is a component of misch metal and some other alloys, and its compounds are used in colouring glass and ceramics", Late 19th century: from neo- 'new' + a shortened form of didymium.
petalody: "Transformation of parts of a flower, usually stamens or sepals, into petals or petal-like structures (as a teratological or evolutionary phenomenon)", Mid 19th cent.; earliest use found in Maxwell Tylden Masters (1833–1907), botanist and journal editor. From ancient Greek πεταλώδης leaf-like + -y, apparently after petalodic.
acrodynia: "A disorder characterized by swelling and pain or paraesthesia of the hands and feet, with gastrointestinal and various other symptoms, probably resulting from mercury poisoning but originally also attributed to ergotism or arsenic poisoning; (in later use) specifically = pink disease", Mid 19th cent. After French acrodynie.
chiropody: "The treatment of the feet and their ailments", Late 19th century: from chiro- 'hand' + Greek pous, pod- 'foot'.
pleurodynia: "Severe pain in the muscles between the ribs or in the diaphragm", Early 19th century: from pleuro- 'of the pleura' + Greek odunē 'pain'.